Dutch Air Force Uses AI and Brainwave Data in Pilot Training

The Royal Netherlands Air Force partnered with Tilburg University and multiSIM to investigate how pilots respond to training in virtual reality environments using neurophysiological sensors. This research focused on monitoring cognitive workload and optimizing pilot training methods.

In May 2022, researchers carried out an experimental study where pilots completed flight tasks in a VR simulation. During these sessions, both EEG brainwave data and behavioral responses were collected to better understand cognitive demands during training.

Further data collection took place in June and July 2023, when EEG measurements were gathered from pilots during both simulated and actual flight scenarios. These efforts aimed to compare responses across different training environments and refine the monitoring approach.

According to a summary published in February 2026, the Dutch air force used artificial intelligence to analyze pilots’ brainwave activity during VR training. The AI system adjusted the difficulty of the simulation, for example by changing visibility conditions, based on how challenging the pilot’s brainwave patterns indicated the task to be.

What the numbers show

• May 2022 marked the start of VR pilot training experiments using EEG
• EEG data was collected again in June and July 2023 during simulations and real flights
• Fifteen pilots took part in the adaptive training system experiment

The AI model used in the experiment assessed pilots’ brainwave patterns in real time. When the system detected increased cognitive workload, it modified the simulation to match the pilot’s perceived challenge level.

Feedback from the fifteen participating pilots indicated a preference for the adaptive training system over fixed-difficulty approaches. However, the research did not find measurable improvements in pilot skill as a result of using the adaptive system.

Researchers are exploring potential future uses for brainwave-based detection systems beyond VR training. One area under consideration is the application of similar technology in real aircraft to monitor pilot stress during actual flight operations.

The collaboration between the Royal Netherlands Air Force, Tilburg University, and multiSIM demonstrates ongoing efforts to integrate neurophysiological data and artificial intelligence into pilot training. The study’s findings contribute to the understanding of how adaptive systems might be used to tailor training experiences for individual pilots.

* This article is based on publicly available information at the time of writing.